Chapter II. Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Syndrome Rather Than a Single Disease

Giorgina B. Piccoli¹, Giorgio Grassi², Gianfranca Cabiddu³, Marta Nazha¹, Simona Roggero¹, Irene Capizzi¹, Agostino De Pascale⁴, Adriano M. Priola⁴, Cristina Di Vico¹, Stefania Maxia³, Valentina Loi³, Anna M. Asunis⁵, Antonello Pani³, Andrea Veltri⁴

Manuscript submitted March 26, 2015; resubmitted April 15, 2015; accepted April 22, 2015.

Keywords: diabetes, chronic kidney disease,diabetic nephropathy, glomerulosclerosis, glomeruli, retinopathy

Abstract

The term "diabetic kidney" has recently been proposed to encompass the various lesions, involving all kidney structures that characterize protean kidney damage in patients with diabetes. While glomerular diseases may follow the stepwise progression that was described several decades ago, the tenet that proteinuria identifies diabetic nephropathy is disputed today and should be limited to glomerular lesions. Improvements in glycemic control may have contributed to a decrease in the prevalence of glomerular lesions, initially described as hallmarks of diabetic nephropathy, and revealed other types of renal damage, mainly related to vasculature and interstitium, and these types usually present with little or no proteinuria. Whilst glomerular damage is the hallmark of microvascular lesions, ischemic nephropathies, renal infarction, and cholesterol emboli syndrome are the result of macrovascular involvement, and the presence of underlying renal damage sets the stage for acute infections and drug-induced kidney injuries. Impairment of the phagocytic response can cause severe and unusual forms of acute and chronic pyelonephritis. It is thus concluded that screening for albuminuria, which is useful for detecting "glomerular diabetic nephropathy", does not identify all potential nephropathies in diabetes patients. As diabetes is a risk factor for all forms of kidney disease, diagnosis in diabetic patients should include the same combination of biochemical, clinical, and imaging tests as employed in non-diabetic subjects, but with the specific consideration that chronic kidney disease (CKD) may develop more rapidly and severely in diabetic patients.

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